| 本帖最后由 dol528phin 于 2017-2-25 01:42 编辑 全书一共11章。不定期更新。 主要内容有很基础的装备、穿着，还有我们经常忽略的礼仪。书的后面将针对高海拔给出一些指导性的建议，可以作为有想法攀登雪山的基础知识了解。 很多部分将持续修订。第一章发帖占楼。 |
| 本帖最后由 dol528phin 于 2017-2-25 12:45 编辑 Chapter Two Alpine Etiquette In the mountains you are always a guest. Nomatter how “at home” you feel, one of the most important aspects of backcountrytravel is to take only photographs and leave only footprints. MINIMIZE YOUR IMPACT ON OTHER PEOPLE Part of being a guest in the mountains issharing it with other hikers—even if it doesn’t feel like it at times. Justbecause you can’t see other people doesn’t mean they’re not around. Never throwrocks off a summit. You never know if someone is hiking or climbing up belowyou, and the consequences of a rock hitting someone can be horrible, evendeadly. In 2007 a hiker threw a rock off the top of a cliff in Wyoming’s WindRiver Range, not knowing that Pete Absolon was climbing up the cliff below.After falling 300 feet, the 15-pound rock struck Absolon, killing himinstantly. When hiking, always yield the trail tousers coming uphill. When they’re coming up and you’re going down, they’reworking way harder than you are, so find a safe spot to step off the trail andlet them pass. Hopefully everyone will do the same for you the next time you’reheading uphill. Every thoroughfare needs some sort of traffic rules or at leastguidelines. Yielding to uphill hikers is the only trail traffic guideline inthe mountains. Be aware that during your wildernessexperience, others are trying to enjoy the same thing: a little solitude.Excessive yelling, whooping, or yodeling on the trail or the summit might befun for you, but it detracts from everyone else’s experience out there. Chancesare, they’re looking for a quiet day in the mountains, not the feeling thatthey’re in a sports bar full of noisy fans. MINIMIZE YOUR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT The mountain may seem like some giantindestructible thing, and in a lot of ways it is. But on a micro level, humanshave to be careful to not have a negative impact. Multiply the effect of oneperson by a few hundred or thousand and it can take a larger negative toll on the places we love.You might think that no one will notice if you leave a single candy bar wrappernext to a rock, but if every hiker thinks the same way, eventually the ideathat “it’s just a ______” will soon have the mountain looking more like theaftermath of a music festival than an inspiring peak. Animals in the alpine environment have atenuous existence in this very harsh place, and your interactions with them caninterfere with their ability to survive. Although it might be fun to try tofeed a marmot or pika, the wild animals in the mountains can learn to bedependent on food from hikers and lose the ability to find their own food. Oncethe hiking season is over and humans stop coming to feed them, their inabilityto find food can affect their survival. Equally important, human food can beharmful to wild animals. Don’t build unnecessary structures such ascairns or rock shelters. If the trail is hard to follow, a cairn can help, butgenerally, if you can see one cairn from where you’re standing, you don’t needto build another one. It’s common to see a rock shelter on a peak summit, builtfor hikers to get out of the wind while they eat lunch or during emergencies,but the summit doesn’t need to become a housing development. One such structureis usually enough. Stay on trails when hiking. Shortcutting causeserosion, especially above 10,000 feet, where five footfalls in one day can killa plant. Enough people shortcutting a switchback over the course of a hikingseason can kill all the plant life anchoring the dirt in place, making thatpart of the mountain susceptible to damaging erosion or washing out in a storm.Trying to shortcut a talus or scree field can be very dangerous if you step ona loose rock and send it tumbling down on someone below. When you encounter apuddle on a trail, do your best to jump over it (or just walk through it ifyou’re wearing waterproof boots). Skirting it to the outside leads to the trailwidening. It should be obvious that you need to pick upyour trash in the outdoors and not leave water bottles, food wrappers, andother items lying around when you leave. Although many people seem to think so,organic materials like orange and banana peels don’t biodegrade quickly; theystick around long enough to be an eyesore for everyone else for years. If youpacked in a piece of fruit, it’s not that hard to pack out the peel. If you want to give back as much as you getfrom being in the mountains, pick up trash when you see it, whether it’s yoursor not. A little maintenance goes a long way, and if other people don’t seetrash on the trail, they will be less likely to leave their own. Think of it asa way to thank the mountain for allowing you safe passage. WASTE MANAGEMENT Managing human waste is also important inthe high country. Some management agencies require the use of “wag bags” or“blue bags,” plastic bags used to carry out human waste on certain high-trafficpeaks. It’s not the most pleasant thing in the world, but you can imagine thatif the 10,000 climbers who attempt Mount Rainier every year didn’t use wagbags, the snowy peak would be a different color than white. And no one wants toimagine that. When a wag bag isn’t required, always buryhuman waste in a cathole at least 6 inches deep, and pack out all toilet paper.If animals dig up human waste, they’ll often shred and scatter used toiletpaper, so it’s best to pack it out. Place a small amount of powdered bleach orlaundry detergent in a small zip-lock bag and keep it in your pack for disposalof your used toilet paper. Never burn used toilet paper in the high country—itcan easily start a forest fire in high, dry environments. If you’re comfortablewith the idea, learn to use rocks, sticks, and leaves for cleanup when you doyour business. It might take a little getting used to, but lots of people agreethat it’s better than keeping a zip-lock bag full of used toilet paper in theirpack all day. When urinating, always urinate on rocks ordirt, not plants. High-altitude plants have a hard time staying alive in anunforgiving environment, and human urine can make them appetizing to animals.Alpine animals crave salt, and your urine contains salt. If you pee on plants,animals will eat those plants for the salt. In some areas, such as theEnchantments in Washington and on Mount Evans in Colorado, mountain goats havebeen known to stalk hikers, waiting for them to urinate—which can be a littleunnerving, to say the least. We’re all guests in the mountains, and in thegrand scheme of things, we’re all just passing through. We owe it to all thepeople who follow us to the mountains months or years later to take care ofthose mountains so that others can have the same great experience.
第二章山中礼仪 在山上，你永远只是一个过客。无论你觉得在山里多有“在家”的感觉。山野徒步的一个重要原则就是——只带走照片，只留下脚印。 将你对其他徒步者的影响降到最低 作为山中过客，就是要与其他徒步者一同分享——尽管你在徒步的过程中并未感到这点。并非因为没有见到其他人就意味着没有他人的存在。在山顶的时候，永远都不要向下面扔石头。你永远都不不知道有些人正在向山顶攀登或徒步，而这样扔石头的后果可能非常糟糕，甚至是死亡。2007年，一名徒步者在登顶怀俄明州的风河山顶后，在不知道pet Absolon正在悬崖下方进行攀爬的情况下，在山顶悬崖边扔了一颗石子。石子在掉落300英尺后击中了Absolon，导致他当场毙命。 在徒步的时候，记得要给上山的徒步者让路。当你正在下山，而其他徒步者正在上山是，上山的徒步者更为艰难。所以找到一个安全的地方，让开步道，让他们先通过。这样也希望下次你在上山的时候也能遇到其他人为你让路。每条路都应该有一定的交通规则，哪怕是参考。而在登山过程中，为上山的人鲁昂路就是山中步道的唯一规则。 请注意，在你体验荒野的静谧和孤寂时，其他人也可能正在享受同样的事情。所以当你在山顶大声喊叫，纵情高呼甚至是唱歌的时候，对你来说可能很尽兴，但对别人来说可能就是败兴了。有可能，他们也是希望享受山中安静的一天，而不是像在体育酒吧一样周围都是吵闹的粉丝。 将你对环境的影响减至最小 山峰看似巨大无可摧毁，而且它却是在某些方面是这样的。但是在微观层面上，人类也必须要精心地对待山野环境，避免造成不好的影响。单单一个人都可能对环境造成很多影响，而且还可能是对我们都喜爱的地方造成很大不良影响。你可能会以为，如果你只是在一块石头旁边放下一张糖纸，就没有人会注意到，但是如果每个徒步的人都这么想，那么这种”这只是一块___”的想法很可能很快就将山野变成了音乐节过后的现场，而再非令人神往的山峰了。 山野环境艰苦，其中生活的动物们的生存也同样脆弱。所以你的介入有可能会影响到它们的生存能力。你可能只是觉得喂食土拨鼠或鼠兔这样的小动物很有意思，但野生动物可能就因此而依赖徒步者喂食的食物，从而失去了自己觅食的能力。一旦徒步季节结束，或者不再有人类进行喂食，它们就会因无法找到食物而无法生存。同时，人类的食物可能对野生动物来说也有一定的危害。 如无必要就不要建造玛尼堆或石屋了。如果山中的路径难寻，可以借助玛尼堆来指明道路，但一般来说，在你站着的位置能看到玛尼堆就没有必要再建造另一个玛尼堆了。山顶的石屋较为常见。它通常都是徒步者进食午餐或做紧急用途的避风港。但是山顶并不需要开发“房地产”，所以有一个这样的石屋就足够了。 徒步的时候尽量要走步道。抄近路会造成水土的流失，尤其是在海拔10000英尺以上的地方。在这种地方，如果一株植物在一天之内遭到五次践踏，可能这株植物就会死掉。徒步季节时，如果很多人都在“之”字形的步道上抄近路那将无疑破坏固定水土的植物，从而导致那部分山体出现水土流失。而在碎石坡上抄近路则可能非常危险，可能出现踩踏到松动的石头滚落下方砸到下面的徒步者。当面对步道上的水坑时，可以尽量跳过去，如果穿了防水登山鞋也可以趟水过去。如果绕行水坑，则可能导致步道变宽。 显而易见，在户外，你需要对你自己带上来的垃圾负责，不要把水瓶、食品包装袋或其他垃圾留在户外。尽管很多人认为橘子皮、香蕉皮这样的有机物都能够降解，但其实它们降解的速度并不快。这些垃圾会一直在那里很多年，非常碍眼。如果你能把水果带上来，那把水果皮带下山应该也不是什么难事儿。 如若你有心回报大山给予你的一切，那就捡垃圾吧，不论这些垃圾是不是你丟的。那怕是这样随手的举动都对山野的环境大有裨益。如果山上没有垃圾，那其他人也不会好意思乱丢垃圾的。你大可把捡垃圾作为山野敞开心胸让你健行的一种感恩回报。 排泄物的处置 在山上，对人类排泄物的管理也是非常重要的。有一些管理机构要求登山者使用“排泄物收集袋”或者“蓝袋子”，在人流量很高的山上使用这些塑料袋将排泄物带下山。这虽然不是什么让人觉得开心的事儿，但是你也能够象想在雷尼尔山这样每年有1万名登山者造访的山上，如果登山者们不使用塑料袋，山峰雪顶将会是什么颜色。应该没有人想看到这一幕的。 如果管理机构没有要求必须使用塑料袋，那也可以采取掩埋排泄物的方法。可以在地上挖一个6英寸深的小坑对排泄物进行掩埋，但是不要掩埋厕纸。如果掩埋厕纸，在动物挖刨人类排泄物的时候就会把厕纸撕碎，所以最好厕纸要单独处理。可以在一个自封袋里放上一些洗衣粉或漂白粉，然后再将用过的厕纸放在里面。千万不要在山上焚烧厕纸——如果天气干燥的话，很容易引起森林火灾。或者如果不介意，在方便后还可以学着用石头、树枝或树叶等进行清理。你可能需要点时间来适应这样的“天然厕纸”。但是也有很多人倾向于将一天所用的厕纸装在自封袋里。 |
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